slander 音标拼音: [sl'ændɚ]
n . 中伤,诽谤
vt . 中伤,诽谤
中伤,诽谤中伤,诽谤
slander n 1 :
words falsely spoken that damage the reputation of another 2 :
an abusive attack on a person '
s character or good name [
synonym :
{
aspersion }, {
calumny }, {
slander }, {
defamation },
{
denigration }]
v 1 :
charge falsely or with malicious intent ;
attack the good name and reputation of someone ; "
The journalists have defamed me !" "
The article in the paper sullied my reputation " [
synonym : {
defame }, {
slander }, {
smirch }, {
asperse },
{
denigrate }, {
calumniate }, {
smear }, {
sully }, {
besmirch }]
Slander \
Slan "
der \,
v .
t . [
imp . &
p .
p . {
Slandered };
p .
pr . &
vb .
n . {
Slandering }.]
1 .
To defame ;
to injure by maliciously uttering a false report ;
to tarnish or impair the reputation of by false tales maliciously told or propagated ;
to calumniate .
[
1913 Webster ]
O ,
do not slander him ,
for he is kind . --
Shak .
[
1913 Webster ]
2 .
To bring discredit or shame upon by one '
s acts .
[
1913 Webster ]
Tax not so bad a voice To slander music any more than once . --
Shak .
[
1913 Webster ]
Syn :
To asperse ;
defame ;
calumniate ;
vilify ;
malign ;
belie ;
scandalize ;
reproach .
See {
Asperse }.
[
1913 Webster ]
Slander \
Slan "
der \,
n . [
OE .
sclandere ,
OF .
esclandre ,
esclandle ,
escandre ,
F .
esclandre ,
fr .
L .
scandalum ,
Gr . ???
a snare ,
stumbling block ,
offense ,
scandal ;
probably originally ,
the spring of a trap ,
and akin to Skr .
skand to spring ,
leap .
See {
Scan },
and cf . {
Scandal }.]
1 .
A false tale or report maliciously uttered ,
tending to injure the reputation of another ;
the malicious utterance of defamatory reports ;
the dissemination of malicious tales or suggestions to the injury of another .
[
1913 Webster ]
Whether we speak evil of a man to his face or behind his back ;
the former way ,
indeed ,
seems to be the most generous ,
but yet is a great fault ,
and that which we call "
reviling ;"
the latter is more mean and base ,
and that which we properly call "
slander ",
or "
Backbiting ." --
Tillotson .
[
1913 Webster ]
[
We ]
make the careful magistrate The mark of slander . --
B .
Jonson .
[
1913 Webster ]
2 .
Disgrace ;
reproach ;
dishonor ;
opprobrium .
[
1913 Webster ]
Thou slander of thy mother '
s heavy womb . --
Shak .
[
1913 Webster ]
3 . (
Law )
Formerly ,
defamation generally ,
whether oral or written ;
in modern usage ,
defamation by words spoken ;
utterance of false ,
malicious ,
and defamatory words ,
tending to the damage and derogation of another ;
calumny .
See the Note under {
Defamation }. --
Burril .
[
1913 Webster ]
56 Moby Thesaurus words for "
slander ":
asperse ,
assail ,
attack ,
backbite ,
backbiting ,
backstabbing ,
barefaced lie ,
belie ,
belittlement ,
bitchiness ,
blackwash ,
calumniate ,
calumniation ,
calumny ,
cattiness ,
character assassination ,
consummate lie ,
damage ,
decry ,
defamation ,
defamation of character ,
defame ,
denigrate ,
depreciation ,
dirt ,
disparage ,
disparagement ,
gossip column ,
hurt ,
injure ,
juicy morsel ,
libel ,
malicious gossip ,
malign ,
misrepresentation ,
monstrous lie ,
muckrake ,
muckraking ,
obloquy ,
out -
and -
out lie ,
roorback ,
scandal ,
scandalmongering ,
slur ,
smear ,
strumpet ,
tale ,
tear down ,
the big lie ,
tidbit ,
traduce ,
traducement ,
vilification ,
vilify ,
whispering campaign ,
whopper SLANDER ,
torts .
The defaming a man in his reputation by speaking or writing words which affect his life ,
office ,
or trade ,
or which tend to his loss of preferment in marriage or service ,
or in his inheritance ,
or which occasion any other particular damage .
Law of Nisi Prius ,
3 .
In England ,
if slander be spoken of a peer ,
or other great man ,
it is called Scandalum Magnatum .
Falsity and malice are ingredients of slander .
Bac .
Abr .
Slander .
Written or printed slanders are libels ;
see that word .
2 .
Here it is proposed to treat of verbal slander only ,
which may be considered with reference to ,
1st .
The nature of the accusation .
2d .
The falsity of the charge .
3d .
The mode of publication .
4th .
The occasion ;
and 5th .
The malice or motive of the slander .
3 .-
Sec .
1 .
Actionable words are of two descriptions ;
first ,
those actionable in themselves ,
without proof of special damages and ,
secondly ,
those actionable only in respect of some actual consequential damages .
4 .-
1 .
Words of the first description must impute :
1st .
The guilt of some offence for which the party ,
if guilty ,
might be indicted and punished by the criminal courts ;
as to call a person a "
traitor ," "
thief ,"
"
highwayman ;"
or to say that he is guilty of "
perjury ," "
forgery ," "
murder ,"
and the like .
And although the imputation of guilt be general ,
without stating the particulars of the pretended crime ,
it is actionable .
Cro .
Jac .
114 ,
142 ;
6 T .
R .
674 ;
3 Wils .
186 ;
2 Vent .
266 ;
2 New Rep .
335 .
See 3 Serg .
&
Rawle ,
255 7 Serg . &
Rawle ,
451 ;
1 Binn .
452 ;
5 Binn .
218 ;
3 Serg . &
Rawle ,
261 ;
2 Binn .
34 ;
4 Yeates ,
423 ;
10 Serg . &
Rawle ,
44 ;
Stark .
on Slander ,
13 to 42 ;
8 Mass .
248 ;
13 Johns .
124 ;
Id .
275 .
5 .-
2d .
That the party has a disease or distemper which renders him unfit for society .
Bac .
Abr .
Slander ,
B 2 .
An action can therefore be sustained for calling a man a leper .
Cro .
Jac .
144 Stark .
on Slander ,
97 .
But charging another with having had a contagious disease is not actionable ,
as he will not ,
on that account ,
be excluded from society .
2 T .
R .
473 ,
4 ;
2 Str .
1189 ;
Bac .
Abr .
tit .
Slander ,
B 2 .
A charge which renders a man ridiculous ,
and impairs the enjoyment of general society ,
and injures those imperfect rights of friendly intercourse and mutual benevolence which man has with respect to man ,
is also actionable .
Holt on Libels ,
221 .
6 .-
3d .
Unfitness in an officer ,
who holds an office to which profit or emolument is attached ,
either in respect of morals or inability to discharge the duties of the office in such a case an action lies .
1 Salk .
695 ,
698 ;
Rolle ,
Ab .
65 ;
2 Esp .
R .
500 ;
5 Co .
125 ;
4 Co .
16 a ;
1 Str .
617 ;
2 Ld .
Raym .
1369 ;
Bull .
N .
P .
4 ;
Holt on Libels ,
207 ;
Stark .
on Slander ,
100 .
7 .-
4th .
The want of integrity or capacity ,
whether mental or pecuniary ,
in the conduct of a profession ,
trade or business ,
in which the party is engaged ,
is actionable ,
1 Mal .
Entr .
244 as to accuse an attorney or artist of inability ,
inattention ,
or want of integrity ;
3 Wils .
187 ;
2 Bl .
Rep .
750 ;
or a clergyman of being a drunkard ;
1 Binn .
178 ;
is actionable .
See Holt on Libels ,
210 ;
Id .
217 .
8 .-
2 .
Of the second class are words which are actionable only in respect of special damages sustained by the party slandered .
Though the law will not permit in these cases the inference of damage ,
yet when the damage has actually been sustained ,
the party aggrieved may support an action for the publication of an untruth ;
1 Lev .
53 ;
1 Sid .
79 ,
80 ;
3 Wood .
210 ;
2 Leon .
111 ;
unless the assertion be made for the assertion of a supposed claim ;
Com .
Dig .
tit .
Action upon the case for Defamation ,
D 30 ;
Bac .
Ab .
Slander ,
B ;
but it lies if maliciously spoken .
See 1 Rolle ,
Ab .
36 1 Saund .
243 Bac .
Abr .
Slander ,
C ;
8 T .
R .
130 8 East ,
R .
1 ;
Stark .
on Slander ,
157 .
9 .-
Sec .
2 .
The charge must be false ;
5 Co .
125 ,
6 ;
Hob .
253 ;
the falsity of the accusation is to be implied till the contrary is shown .
2 East ,
R .
436 ;
1 Saund .
242 .
The instance of a master making an unfavorable representation of his servant ,
upon an application for his character ,
seems to be an exception ,
in that case there being a presumption from the occasion of the speaking ,
that the words were true .
1 T .
R .
111 ;
3 B . &
P .
587 ;
Stark .
on Slander ,
44 ,
175 ,
223 .
10 .-
Sec .
3 .
The slander must ,
of course ,
be published ,
that is ,
communicated to a third person ;
and if verbal ,
then in a language which he understands ,
otherwise the plaintiff '
s reputation is not impaired .
1 Rolle ,
Ab .
74 ;
Cro .
Eliz .
857 ;
1 Saund .
2425 n .
3 ;
Bac .
Abr .
Slander ,
D 3 .
A letter addressed to the party ,
containing libelous matter ,
is not sufficient to maintain a civil action ,
though it may subject the libeler to an indictment ,
as tending to a breach of the peace ;
2 Bl .
R .
1038 ;
1 T .
R .
110 ;
1 Saund .
l32 ,
n .
2 ;
4 Esp .
N .
P .
R .
117 ;
2 Esp .
N .
P .
R .
623 ;
2 East ,
R .
361 ;
the slander must be published respecting the plaintiff ;
a mother cannot maintain an action for calling her daughter a bastard .
11 Serg . &
Rawle ,
343 .
As to the case of a man who repeats the slander invented by another ,
see Stark .
on Slander ,
213 ;
2 P .
A .
Bro .
R .
89 ;
3 Yeates ,
508 ;
3 Binn .
546 .
11 .-
Sec .
4 .
To render words actionable ,
they must be uttered without legal occasion .
On some occasions it is justifiable to utter slander of another ,
in others it is excusable ,
provided it be uttered without express malice .
Bac .
Ab .
Slander ,
D 4 ;
Rolle ,
Ab .
87 ;
1 Vin .
Ab .
540 .
It is justifiable for au attorney to use scandalizing expressions in support of his client '
s cause and pertinent thereto .
1 M . &
S .
280 ;
1 Holt '
s R .
531 ;
1 B . &
A .
232 ;
see 2 Serg . &
Rawle ,
469 ;
1 Binn .
178 ;
4 Yeates ,
322 ;
1 P .
A .
Browne '
s R .
40 ;
11 Verm .
R .
536 ;
Stark .
on Slander ,
182 .
Members of congress and other legislative assemblies cannot be called to account for anything said in debate .
12 .-
Sec .
5 .
Malice is essential to the support of an action for slanderous words .
But malice is in general to be presumed until the contrary be proved ;
4 B . &
C .
247 ;
1 Saund .
242 ,
n .
2 ;
1 T .
R .
1 11 ,
544 ;
1 East ,
R .
563 ;
2 East ,
R .
436 ;
2 New Rep .
335 ;
Bull .
N .
P .
8 ;
except in those cases where the occasion prima facie excuses the publication .
4 B . &
C .
247 .
See 14 Serg . &
Rawle ,
359 ;
Stark .
on Slander ,
201 .
See ,
generally ,
Com .
Dig .
tit .
Action upon the case for Defamation ;
Bac .
Abr .
Slander ;
1 Vin .
Abr .
187 ;
1 Phillim .
Ev .
ch .
8 ;
Yelv .
28 ,
n .;
Doctr .
Plac .
53 Holt '
s Law of Libels ;
Starkie on Slander ,
Ham .
N .
P .
ch .
2 ,
s .
3 .
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